Climate change and rising sea levels eventually may wipe out Bengal tiger strongholds, scientists warned in a new study.The cats are among 500,000 land species whose survival is in question because of threats to their natural habitats, according to a UN report published on Monday.
The Sundarbans, 10,000 square kilometres of marshy land in Bangladesh and India, hosts the world’s largest mangrove forest and a rich ecosystem supporting several hundred animal species, including the Bengal tiger. But 70% of it is just a few feet above sea level, and grave changes are in store for the region, Australian and Bangladeshi researchers reported in the journal Science of The Total Environment.
Changes wrought by a warming planet will be “enough to decimate” the few hundred or so Bengal tigers remaining there.
“By 2070, there will be no suitable tiger habitats remaining in the Bangladesh Sundarbans,” the study said.
The paper, which relies on climate scenarios developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for its simulation models, adds to existing studies that offered similarly grim predictions for wildlife in the Sundarbans.
In 2010, the World Wide Fund for Nature projected that a sea level rise of 11 inches could reduce the number of tigers in the Sundarbans by 96%within a few decades.
Sharif A Mukul, lead author of the new report on the Sundarbans, and his colleagues looked for risks to the tiger beyond sea level rise, which accounted for 5.4%to 11.3% of the projected habitat loss in 2050 and 2070.
Other factors related to climate change were more damaging to the Sundarbans’ tigers, one of the largest remaining populations of wild tigers in the world, the researchers found.
Since the early 1900s, habitat loss, hunting and the illegal trade of animal parts have decimated the global population of tigers from around 100,000 to fewer than 4,000.
In the Bangladesh Sundarbans, a spike in extreme weather events and changing vegetation will further reduce the population, the study found. And as the Sundarbans flood, confrontations may grow between humans and tigers as the animals stray outside their habitat in search of new land.
“A lot of things might happen,” said Mukul, an assistant professor of environmental management at Independent University in Dhaka. “The situation could be even worse if there is a cyclone or if there is some disease outbreak in that area, or if there is a food shortage.”
In October, a landmark report from the UN found that if greenhouse gas emissions continued at the current rate, the atmosphere would warm as much as 1.5C above preindustrial levels by 2040.
That increase would have significant consequences for food chains, coral reefs and flood-prone areas. It may also disproportionally affect poorer, densely packed countries like Bangladesh, which is home to 160 million people.
In an analysis of decades of tidal records, scientists found that high tides were rising much faster than the global average in Bangladesh, which sits in the Ganges Delta, a complex network of rivers and streams. Sugata Hazra, an oceanographer at Jadavpur University in Kolkata, said there may be some loss of land in the Sundarbans, but his research suggested a less dramatic impact on tigers.
Still, Prerna Singh Bindra, author of The Vanishing: India’s Wildlife Crisis, said tiger habitats would continue to shrink — whether because of climate change or the development of industry — and that good conservation options were hard to come by.
Moving tigers to another reserve, for instance, was not a “viable solution”, she said. “Where do you put these tigers? Where is an undisturbed habitat on this crowded planet?”
